Association between total dietary antioxidant capacity and food groups and incidence of depression in a cohort of Brazilian graduates (CUME Project).

This study aims to evaluate the association between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (dTAC) and Total Antioxidant Capacity of food groups (fgTAC) with the incidence of depression in Brazilian graduates participating in the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Study). The sample consisted of 2572 participants without a medical diagnosis of depression at baseline who responded to at least one follow-up questionnaire from the CUME Project. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay was used to determine dTAC. Incidence of depression was estimated by self-reported medical diagnosis of depression during the years of cohort follow-up. Cox regression models were used to relate dTAC and fgTAC to the incidence of depression. The mean follow-up time was 2·96 (1·00) years, and 246 cases of depression were observed (32·3/1000 person-years). The mean dTAC was 11·03 (4·84) mmol/d. We found no associations between higher dTAC and lower risk of developing depression after adjusting for possible confounders. The incidence of depression was inversely associated with fgTAC of the beans and lentils group (hazard ratio (HR): 0·61; 95 % CI 0·41, 0·90). The fgTAC of the junk food group was positively associated with higher incidence of depression after all adjustments (HR: 1·57; 95 % CI 1·08, 2·26). Our findings do not support an association between dTAC and the incidence of depression in a highly educated Brazilian population. However, associations of fgTAC show the importance of analysing the food matrix in which these antioxidants are inserted. We highlight the need for more prospective studies with different nationalities to confirm these results.

Efeitos da suplementação de óleo de abacate sobre o perfil lipídico e índices aterogênicos em intervenção duplo-cego e randomizada em pacientes com síndrome metabólica / Effects of avocado oil supplementation on lipid profile and atherogenic indices in a double-blind and randomised intervention in patients with metabolic syndrome

Introdução: A síndrome metabólica é definida como um conjunto de condições clínicas que acometem cerca de 25% da população mundial e 29,6% dos brasileiros. Essa síndrome está relacionada ao aumento dos desfechos cardiovasculares, que podem ser preditos através do perfil lipídico. Compostos bioativos, tais como os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA), são fortes aliados na prevenção desses desfechos. Um alimento importante por conter compostos bioativos e MUFA em abundância é o abacate. Há, porém, poucos estudos avaliando o efeito do óleo puro/virgem de abacate sobre o perfil lipídico em humanos com síndrome metabólica, e seus efeitos sobre os índices aterogênicos inexistem. Objetivo: O estudo buscou avaliar a suplementação de óleo de abacate sobre os níveis lipídicos e índices aterogênicos em pacientes portadores de síndrome metabólica. Método: 31 indivíduos adultos e obesos foram randomizados em grupo controle (óleo de soja) e grupo intervenção (óleo de abacate). Estes foram avaliados nos períodos pré e pós-intervenção (12 semanas) através de anamnese clínica e avaliação nutricional. Resultados: Observou-se que tanto o grupo controle quanto o grupo intervenção tinham a ingestão de lipídeos e gordura saturada maior que o recomendável. Quanto ao perfil lipídico e índices aterogênicos, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os períodos pré e pós. Conclusão: Os resultados podem ter se dado pela ausência do controle alimentar, sobrecarga de medicamentos, duração da intervenção, modo de administração e dose do suplemento. Logo, são necessários estudos futuros sobre os efeitos do óleo de abacate nessa população, que controlem melhor essas variáveis.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is defined as a set of clinical conditions that affect approximately 25% of the world's population and 29.6% of Brazilians. This syndrome is related to increased cardiovascular outcomes, which may be predicted by the lipid profile. Bioactive compounds, such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), are strong allies in preventing these outcomes. Avocado is an important food because it contains abundant bioactive compounds and MUFAs. However, few studies evaluated the effects of pure/virgin avocado oil on the lipid profile in humans with metabolic syndrome, and its effects on atherogenic indices are not known. Objective:This study evaluated avocado oil supplementation on lipid levels and atherogenic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome. Method: Thirty-one obese adults were randomised into a control group (soybean oil) and an intervention group (avocado oil). These groups were evaluated in the pre- and post-intervention periods (12 weeks) via clinical anamnesis and nutritional assessment. Results: The control group and the intervention group had higher intakes of lipids and saturated fat than recommended. For the lipid profile and atherogenic indices, no significant difference was observed between the pre- and postintervention periods. Conclusion: These results may have been due to the absence of dietary control, medication overload, intervention duration, mode of administration and dose of the supplement. Therefore, future studies on the effects of avocado oil are needed in this population to better control these variables.

Feasibility of Remote Delivering an Exercise and Lifestyle Education Program for Individuals Living with Prediabetes and Diabetes in Brazil.

This study aimed to test the feasibility of remote delivering a 12-week exercise and lifestyle education program (ExLE) or a 12-week exercise program (Ex) for individuals with prediabetes and diabetes in terms of acceptability, implementation, practicality, and limited efficacy. The programs were internet- or telephone-based delivered, depending on the participants' internet access and technology literacy. Of the 196 individuals screened, 15 were included in the study (internet-based delivery (n = 13); telephone-based delivery (n = 2)). Twelve participants completed the program they were randomized to, and most reported being satisfied with the study interventions (acceptability). Data collection procedures, weekly follow-up, study website visits, and educational materials were proper (implementation), and the adherence rate to study interventions ranged from 24% to 58% (practicality). Additionally, both programs (ExLE and Ex) seemed to promote beneficial changes in functional capacity (limited efficacy). The internet-based remote delivery of the interventions showed feasibility. Therefore, in future trials, exercise and educational interventions can be internet-based remote delivered to individuals with prediabetes and diabetes with internet access and technology literacy. In addition, some adjustments to eligibility criteria, study websites, more accessible ways of recording exercise sessions and using educational materials, and an initial supervised exercise session are recommended.

Effects of whole peanut within an energy-restricted diet on inflammatory and oxidative processes in obese women: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Peanut consumption has little effect on body weight, despite its high energy density and is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that the consumption of whole peanut would be associated with greater improvements in body composition, lipid profile, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-four women with obesity [body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg m-2 ], 33.1 ± 8.7 years old, were assigned to three groups and consumed 56 g of whole peanut (WP), skinned peanut (SP), and no peanut (NP) and consumed energy-restricted diets (250 kcal d-1 less than their customary diet) for 8 weeks. RESULTS: WP group lost an average of 3.2 kg, while SP group lost 2.6 kg and the NP group 1.8 kg. However, only the groups that consumed peanuts showed a significant reduction in BMI. WP group presented lower body weight, BMI, waist circumference, total lean mass, and total body fat than the SP group in the eighth week. There was a significant reduction in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) after 4 weeks of intervention, which was maintained in week-8 for the WP and SP groups. In addition, there was an improvement in platelets and plasma homocysteine with WP group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the regular intake of the whole peanut as part of an energy-restricted diet showed health benefits since it enhanced body weight loss, besides improving body composition and reducing cholesterol, platelets, and homocysteine concentrations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Avaliação do consumo alimentar de pacientes em hemodiálise: comparação com recomendações do Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative / Assessment of food consumption in hemodialysis patients: comparison with recommendations from the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative

Introdução: A análise da ingestão alimentar de pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em tratamento dialítico é eficaz para fornecer informações a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico nutricional e nortear as condutas dietéticas necessárias. Objetivo: Analisar a adequação do consumo alimentar de acordo com as recomendações publicadas pelo Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) para macro e micronutrientes, além de avaliar a capacidade antioxidante total da dieta (CATd), de portadores de DRC. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, com 60 voluntários portadores de DRC em tratamento hemodialítico de um Hospital Universitário de Juiz de Fora ­ MG. A caracterização da amostra foi feita no período de junho de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, através da aplicação de um Questionário Quantitativo de Frequência Alimentar (QQFA) e de coleta de dados pessoais, clínicos e comorbidades. As análises estatísticas foram conduzidas utilizando-se o software SPSS, versão 20.0. As variáveis numéricas foram apresentadas na forma de média (± desvio-padrão), mediana, mínimo e máximo, enquanto as categóricas em frequência absoluta e relativa. Resultados: Observou-se que 43% e 55% dos pacientes apresentaram um consumo calórico e proteico acima do preconizado pela KDOQI, respectivamente. Para os micronutrientes, foi observado que 77% dos pacientes apresentaram consumo de cálcio abaixo do recomendado e de fósforo 65% maior do que a recomendação atual. Percebeu-se que 67% e 40% dos pacientes apresentaram adequado consumo de sódio e potássio. O perfil lipídico da dieta dos pacientes, demonstrou uma desproporção da razão ômega 6/ômega 3, além de um CATd de 4,05 mmol/dia. Conclusão: Através do presente estudo podemos concluir que o consumo alimentar dos pacientes em hemodiálise avaliados apresenta algumas inadequações em relação às recomendações propostas pela literatura.

Introduction: The analysis of food intake in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing dialysis is effective to provide information to assist in nutritional diagnosis and guide the necessary dietary behaviors. Objective: To analyze the adequacy of food consumption according to the recommendations published by the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) for macro and micronutrients, in addition to evaluating the total antioxidant capacity of the diet (CATd) of patients with CKD. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 60 volunteers with CKD undergoing hemodialysis treatment at a University Hospital in Juiz de Fora ­ MG. The characterization of the sample was carried out from June 2019 to February 2020, through the application of a Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QQFA) and the collection of personal, clinical and comorbid data. Statistical analyzes were conducted using SPSS software, version 20.0. Numerical variables were presented as mean (± standard deviation), median, minimum and maximum, while categorical variables in absolute and relative frequency. Results: It was observed that 43% and 55% of the patients had a caloric and protein consumption above that recommended by the KDOQI, respectively. For micronutrients, it was observed that 77% of the patients had calcium intake below the recommended level and phosphorus consumption 65% higher than the current recommendation. It was noticed that 67% and 40% of the patients had adequate consumption of sodium and potassium. The lipid profile of the patients' diet showed a disproportion of the omega 6/omega 3 ratio, in addition to a CATd of 4.05 mmol/day. Conclusion: Through the present study we can conclude that the food consumption of the evaluated hemodialysis patients presents some inadequacies in relation to the recommendations proposed by the literature

Association of dietary total antioxidant capacity with depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders: A systematic review of observational studies.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We aimed to systematically review observational studies that evaluated the potential association of the dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) with common mental disorders (depression and anxiety) and sleep disorders. METHODS: Studies with an observational design that evaluated the association between the dTAC and common mental disorders and sleep disorders were identified using the PubMed and Scopus databases. The meta-analysis guideline of observational studies in epidemiology and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis were used to conduct and report the data of this systematic review. RESULTS: Of the 439 records, seven studies were included in this review. There was a sample variation of 41-3297 participants. We highlight that five of the studies analyzed were conducted in the Iranian population. Four studies analyzed only women, and three studies were conducted with postmenopausal or climacteric women. Four cross-sectional studies showed inverse associations between the dTAC and depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders in Iranians. CONCLUSION: The consumption of a diet rich in antioxidants, characterized by high dTAC scores, seems to be inversely associated with depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. However, further studies with different populations and designs are necessary for a better understand this relationship. RELEVANCE TO PATIENTS: This review assesses the association of the dTAC with common mental disorders (depression and anxiety) with sleep disorders. This will help guide further studies on the relationship between diet and mental disorders and sleep disorders. Knowledge about these relationships is essential for the creation of non-pharmacological practices for the prevention of these disorders.

Effects of Dietary Intervention on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic-Nutritional Profile of Outpatients with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: a Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Modulation of the gut microbiota emerges as a therapeutic possibility to improve health. Our objective was to compare the impact of three months of intervention with diet plus nutritional orientation versus only nutritional orientation on the gut microbiota and metabolic-nutritional profile of outpatients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. METHODS: It was a randomized clinical trial with 40 outpatients (49.48 ± 10.3 years), allocated in two groups: DIET group (n=20), who received diet (1.651.34 ± 263.25 kcal; 47% carbohydrates, 28% lipids, 25% proteins, 30 g fibers) and nutritional orientation, and control group (n = 20), which received only nutritional orientation. RESULTS: The DIET group, in relation to baseline, presented a reduction in body weight (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), waist circumference (p=0.001), percentage of fat (p=0.002), serum aspartate aminotransferase (p<0.001), alanine aminotransferase (p<0.001), γ-glutamyltransferase (p=0.001), glycemia (p=0.003), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (p=0.017), total cholesterol (p=0.014), and triacylglycerols (p=0.008), whereas the control group did not present changes. After intervention, the small intestinal bacterial overgrowth frequency was 30% in the DIET group and 45% in the control group (p=0.327). In the DIET group, an increase in the density of total microorganisms (3.76 ± 7.17 x 10 8 cells g -1 ; p=0.048) was detected, while in the control group reduced Bacteroidetes (-0.77 ± 2.01 x 10 8 cells g -1 , p=0.044) and Verrucomicrobiales (-0.46 ± 0.75 x 10 8 cells g -1 ; p=0.022) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that exclusively dietary modifications contribute to health promotion in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and should be the basis of nutritional treatment for this condition.

Obesity, Xenobiotic Intake and Antimicrobial-Resistance Genes in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: A Comparative Study of Eutrophic, Overweight and Obese Individuals.

Although lifestyle and physiology in obese individuals are accepted to lead to changes in the intestinal microbiota, uncertainty remains about microbiota dysbiosis, and xenobiotics intake, as a source of selective pressure, independent of antimicrobial chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genetic markers (ARG) in faecal specimens of eutrophic, overweight and obese individuals, and their correlation with xenobiotic intake and gut bacteria density. Methods: This was a cross-sectional case-controlled study including 72 adult participants with no record of intestinal or systemic diseases, or recent use of antimicrobials, grouped as eutrophic, overweight, or obese. Anthropometric profile, eating habits and oral xenobiotics intake were recorded. Faecal metagenomic DNA was used to screen for ARG by PCR, and to measure bacterial groups by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Student's t and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare means and differences in ARG detection (95% confidence intervals). Correlation analyses (odds ratio) and relationships between bacteria density and ARG were determined. Results: Increase in abdominal circumference, waist circumference, hip, waist-hip ratio, BMI, carbohydrate, fibres, and total calorie intakes were different from eutrophic to obese participants. Habitual use of antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory drugs, antacids, and artificial sweeteners were associated mainly with obesity and overweight. Nutritional supplements were associated to the eutrophic group. ARG screening showed differences being more frequent among obese, and positive for 27 genetic markers related to ß-lactams, tetracyclines, the macrolide lincosamide and streptogramin group, quinolones, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and efflux pump. Positive correlation between ARG and BMI, caloric intake, and intake of xenobiotics, was observed for obese individuals. Relationships among ARG detection and bacteria densities were also different. Conclusions: This study reinforces the hypothesis that obese individuals may harbour an altered gut microbiota, if compared to eutrophic. The overweight individuals display a transitional gut microbiota which seems to be between eutrophic and obese. Furthermore, the increased xenobiotic intake associated to obesity may play an important role in the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon.

Association between dietary total antioxidant capacity and hepatocellular ballooning in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by steatosis, lobular inflammation, ballooning, and in some cases, fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis and carcinoma. The progression of NASH is closely related to oxidative stress. Dietary intake of antioxidants has been suggested in protection against oxidative damage and related clinical complications. Thus, we evaluated the potential association of dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with disease severity in NASH patients, as well as with anthropometric and body composition markers and biochemical parameters. METHODS: Thirty-three outpatients with a mean age of 48.4 ± 1.9 years were evaluated. Dietary TAC was estimated from a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. NASH severity, determined by liver biopsy, lifestyle characteristics, occurrence of comorbidities, anthropometry, body composition, and biochemical parameters were assessed. RESULTS: NASH patients who had a higher dietary TAC had fewer ballooned hepatocytes compared to those with a lower TAC (p = 0.024). The patients with the highest dietary TAC had a reduction of approximately 20% in the risk of having many ballooned hepatocytes (OR 0.791; 95% CI 0.643-0.974; p = 0.027). There was no association of steatosis, lobular inflammation, and fibrosis with dietary TAC. The same occurred for lifestyle characteristics, occurrence of comorbidities, anthropometry, body composition, and biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION: Dietary TAC is higher in patients with lower hepatic injury (ballooning), suggesting a possible role of food intake naturally high in its antioxidant capacity in reducing free radical production and, consequently, oxidative stress.

Impact of dietary fat on gut microbiota and low-grade systemic inflammation: mechanisms and clinical implications on obesity.

Dietary fat strongly affects human health by modulating gut microbiota composition and low-grade systemic inflammation. High-fat diets have been implicated in reduced gut microbiota richness, increased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, and several changes at family, genus and species levels. Saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and conjugated linolenic fatty acids share important pathways of immune system activation/inhibition with gut microbes, modulating obesogenic and proinflammatory profiles. Mechanisms that link dietary fat, gut microbiota and obesity are mediated by increased intestinal permeability, systemic endotoxemia, and the activity of the endocannabinoid system. Although the probiotic therapy could be a complementary strategy to improve gut microbiota composition, it did not show permanent effects to treat fat-induced dysbiosis. Based upon evidence to date, we believe that high-fat diets and SFA consumption should be avoided, and MUFA and omega-3 PUFA intake should be encouraged in order to regulate gut microbiota and inflammation, promoting body weight/fat control.

Influence of gut microbiota on the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

INTRODUCTION: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by the presence of steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, with or without fibrosis. The prevalence of NASH has increased with the obesity epidemic, but its etiology is multifactorial. The current studies suggest the role of gut microbiota in the development and progression of NASH. The aim is to review the studies that investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and NASH. These review also discusses the pathophysiological mechanisms and the influence of diet on the gut-liver axis. RESULT: The available literature has proposed mechanisms for an association between gut microbiota and NASH, such as: modification energy homeostasis, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-endotoxemia, increased endogenous production of ethanol, and alteration in the metabolism of bile acid and choline. There is evidence to suggest that NASH patients have a higher prevalence of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine and changes in the composition of the gut microbiota. However, there is still a controversy regarding the microbiome profile in this population. The abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum may be increased, decreased, or unaltered in NASH patients. There is an increase in the Escherichia and Bacteroides genus. There is depletion of certain taxa, such as Prevotella and Faecalibacterium. CONCLUSION: Although few studies have evaluated the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with NASH, it is observed that these individuals have a distinct gut microbiota, compared to the control groups, which explains, at least in part, the genesis and progression of the disease through multiple mechanisms. Modulation of the gut microbiota through diet control offers new challenges for future studies.

Relação entre vitamina D e cálcio no desenvolvimento do diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e 2: uma revisão de literatura / Relationship between vitamin D and calcium in the development of diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2: review of the literature

A prevalência de obesidade, associada a hábitos alimentares inadequados e sedentarismo tem aumentado a ocorrência Diabetes Mellitus, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública. Perspectivas imediatas na mudança do ambiente para reverter o aumento dos níveis de obesidade não são promissores, e existe uma necessidade de considerar outras opções para prevenir o diabetes. Tem sido apontada uma associação inversa entre os baixos níveis da vitamina D e cálcio com a incidencia do Diabetes Mellitus. Desse modo, a vitamina D e o cálcio têm sido propostos como um possível agente terapêutico para a prevenção e tratamento da doença. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a influência da vitamina D e do cálcio na fisiopatologia do diabetes mellitus, assim como no controle glicêmico. Estudos têm mostrado que a vitamina D em conjunto com o cálcio são capazes de reduzirem o risco do desenvolvimento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enquanto que a insuficiência de vitamina D e de cálcio pode influenciar negativamente a glicemia. Além disso, nível plasmático de 25(OH)D, tem sido correlacionado com o diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Evidências recentes demonstram que a concentração sérica de vitamina D e do cálcio podem estar relacionados ao diabetes. Entretanto, estudos prospectivos e de intervenção em humanos que comprovem a efetividade de ambos, tanto na prevenção como no tratamento dessa doença, ainda são necessários.

Currently, due to the increased prevalence of obesity, linked to inadequate eating habits and physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus has become a public health problem, increasingly common. Immediate prospects to change the environment to reverse the rising levels of obesity are not promising, and there is a need to consider other options to prevent diabetes. It has been suggested an inverse association between low levels of vitamin D and calcium with the incidence of diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome. Thus, vitamin D and calcium have been proposed as a possible therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of disease. The objective of the study was to conduct a literature review on the influence of vitamin D and calcium in diabetes pathophysiology, and glycemic control. Studies have shown that vitamin D in conjunction with calcium are able to reduce the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2, while the lack of vitamin D and calcium can adversely affect blood glucose. Furthermore, plasma levels of 25 (OH) D has been correlated with a diagnosis of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Recent evidence shows that the serum concentration of vitamin D and calcium may be related to diabetes. However, prospective and intervention studies in humans to prove the effectiveness of both, both in prevention and in treatment of this disease are still needed.

Controle glicêmico e aspectos nutricionais de adultos e idosos diabéticos em um centro de atenção a doenças crônicas de Juiz de Fora (MG) / Glycemic control and nutritional aspects of adults and elderly diabetics ina care center of attention to chronic from diseases Juiz de Fora(MG)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o perfil socioeconômico, dados antropométricos, controle glicêmico e o consumo alimentar de diabéticos atendidos em um centro de atenção secundária à saúde. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, do tipo transversal, retrospectivo, realizado por meio da análise de prontuários eletrônicos de usuários portadores de Diabetes Mellitus. Foram incluídos usuários diabéticos, com idade acima de 18 anos, atendidos de julho a dezembro de 2014, que apresentavam resultado de hemoglobina glicada nos prontuários. A avaliação do consumo de alimentos foi realizada pelo recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Foram avaliados 266 prontuários, que demonstraram maior frequência de idosos e indivíduos do sexo feminino. A única variável que apresentou associação negativa com controle glicêmico foi a idade, uma vez que os idosos apresentaram melhor controle (41,5%) do que os adultos (19,1%), o que pode ser justificado pelo maior tempo livre para frequentar os serviços de saúde. Foi avaliado qualitativamente o recordatório alimentar de 99 indivíduos, dos quais 68 usuários consumiam entre 20 a 50% de alimentos processados e ultra processados e 35 usuários consumiam doces e açúcares, o que pode prejudicar o controle glicêmico e o estado nutricional. Tal consumo de doces e açúcares levanta a necessidade de verificar a não aderência desses pacientes. Um estudo longitudinal, poderia elucidar mais informações sobre o acompanhamento dos diabéticos, bem como o desenvolvimento de intervenções nutricionais que melhorem a aderência e o tratamento desses usuários.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the socio-economic profile, anthropometric data, glycemic control and food consumption of diabetic treated at a center of secondary health care. This is an observational study, cross-sectional, retrospective conducted by means of analysis of the electronic medical records of patients with Diabetes Mellitus. It was included in diabetic patients, over 18 years old, which were attended from July to December 2014 that presented glycated hemoglobin results in their medical records. The evaluation of food consumption was conducted by the 24-hour food recall. We evaluated 266 medical records that demonstrated higher frequency of elderly and women users. The only variable that presented the negative association with glycemic control was the age, once the elderly showed better control (41.5%) than adults (19.1%), which can be justified by the bigger free time to search health services. We evaluate qualitatively the 24-hour recall of 99 individuals, of which 68 users consumed between 20 and 50% of processed foods and ultra-processed, and 35 users consumed candies and sugars, which could affect glycemic control and nutritional status. Such consumption of candies and sugars, suggesting the need to verify the nonadherence of these patients. A longitudinal study could elucidate more information on the monitoring of diabetics, as well as the development of nutritional interventions to improve adherence and treatment of these users.

Higher plasma lipopolysaccharide concentrations are associated with less favorable phenotype in overweight/obese men.

PURPOSE: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria might be an inflammation trigger in adipose tissue. It has recently been proposed that there is a link between adipose tissue distribution and blood LPS. However, the number of studies on this topic is scarce, and further investigation in humans is required. In this study, we explored the association between plasma LPS concentrations and body fat distribution, as well as the biochemical parameters that may indicate the presence of metabolic disorders. METHODS: Sixty-seven young adult men with body mass index of 26-35 kg/m(2) were evaluated. Anthropometry, body composition and body fat distribution, blood pressure, energy expenditure, physical activity level, dietary intake, and biochemical parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Men with median plasma LPS ≥ 0.9 EU/mL presented higher sagittal abdominal diameter, trunk fat percentage, and android fat percentage, and mass, insulin and alanine aminotransferase concentrations, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and beta cell dysfunction (HOMA-B) than those with lower plasma LPS. LPS correlated positively with the trunk fat percentage, and android fat percentage, and mass, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, as well as HOMA-IR and HOMA-B. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher plasma LPS concentration is associated with a less favorable phenotype as characterized by higher central adiposity, higher values of HOMA-IR, and beta cell function impairment in overweight/obese men.

High-oleic peanuts increase diet-induced thermogenesis in overweight and obese men / Cacahuete alto-oleico aumenta la termogénesis inducida por la dieta en hombres con sobrepeso y obesidad

Background: Evidences suggest that nuts consumption can improve energy metabolism. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of acute ingestion of high-oleic and conventional peanuts on appetite, food intake, and energy metabolism in overweight and obese men. Methods: Seventy one subjects (29.8 ± 2.4 kg/m2) were assigned to the groups: control (CT, n = 24); conventional peanuts (CVP, n = 23); high-oleic peanuts (HOP, n = 24). Subjects consumed 56 g of peanuts (CVP and HOP) or control biscuits (CT) after overnight fasting. Thereafter, energy metabolism was evaluated over 200 minutes, during which diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and substrate oxidation were analyzed. Appetite sensation was recorded for 3 hours. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS software considering 5% as the significance level. Results: Postprandial energy expenditure and DIT were significantly higher in HOP than in CVP. Substrate oxidation did not differ between groups. Only HOP presented score below 100 indicating incomplete compensation. CT and CVP showed a complete caloric compensation (scores > 100). Regarding appetite sensation, CVP group felt less «full» than HOP and CT. After 3 hours, satiety score of CVP returned to baseline, whereas HOP and CT remained significantly higher. Hunger scores returned to baseline in CVP and CT and they were maintained significantly lowered in HOP. Conclusion: High-oleic peanuts contributed to higher DIT, higher sensation of fullness and incomplete compensation for energy intake compared to conventional peanuts and may be useful to dietary intervention to reduce body weight (AU)

Antecedentes: Las pruebas sugieren que el consumo de frutos secos puede mejorar el metabolismo energético. Propósito: Este estudio tenía por finalidad comparar los efectos de la ingesta aguda de cacahuetes con alto contenido en oleico y cacahuetes convencionales sobre el apetito, el consumo de alimentos y el metabolismo energético in hombres con sobrepeso y obesos. Métodos: Se distribuyó a 71 individuos (29,8 ± 2,4 kg/m2) a los grupos: control (CT, n = 24); cacahuetes convencionales (CVP, n = 23); cacahuetes con alto contenido en oleico (HOP, n = 24). Los individuos consumieron 56 g de cacahuetes (CVP y HOP) o control (CT) tras un ayuno nocturno. Posteriormente, se evaluó el metabolismo energético a lo largo de 200 minutes, durante los cuales se analizaron la termogénesis inducida por la dieta (TID) y la oxidación de sustratos. La sensación de apetito se registró durante 3 horas. Se realizaron los análisis estadísticos con el programa SAS considerando un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: El consumo de energía posprandial y la TID fueron significativamente superiores en el HOP que el CVP. La oxidación de sustratos no difirió entre los grupos. Sólo el HOP presentó una puntuación por debajo de 100, lo que indicaba una compensación incompleta. El CT y el CVP mostraron una compensación calórica completa (puntuaciones > 100). Con respecto a la sensación de apetito, el grupo CVP se mostró menos «lleno» que los grupos HOP y CT. A las 3 horas, la puntuación de saciedad del CVP volvió a la situación basal, mientras que en los grupos HOP y CT permanecía significativamente superior. Las puntuaciones de hambre volvieron a la situación basal in los grupos CVP y CT y se mantuvieron significativamente por debajo a las del grupo HOP. Conclusión: Los cacahuetes con alto contenido en oleico contribuyen a una mayor TID, mayor sensación de plenitud y una compensation incompleta del consumo de energía en comparación con los cacahuetes convencionales y pueden ser de ayuda como intervention dietética para disminuir el peso corporal (AU)

Regular intake of high-oleic peanuts improves fat oxidation and body composition in overweight/obese men pursuing a energy-restricted diet.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of high-oleic and conventional peanuts within a hypocaloric-diet on energy metabolism and body composition. METHODS: This 4-week randomized clinical trial included males with BMI of 29.7 ± 2.4 kg m(-2) and aged between 18 and 50 years. Participants were assigned to the groups: control (CT, n = 22) that followed a hypocaloric-diet; conventional peanuts (CVP, n = 22) or high-oleic peanuts (HOP, n = 21) that received the hypocaloric-diet including (not adding) 56 g day(-1) of peanuts. Glucose, fat oxidation, and body fatness and lean mass were the main outcomes. RESULTS: Body weight and composition did not differ between groups. However, within group total body fat (kg) reduced with CVP and HOP, with a significant decrease in body fat percentage in HOP. While total lean mass (kg) decreased in CT, total lean mass (%) increased in HOP. Truncal lean mass decreased in the CT. At baseline, HOP had greater postprandial fat oxidation than the CVP. After 4-weeks, fasting fat oxidation increased in CVP and HOP. Fat oxidation increased in CT and HOP during the 200 min after meal intake compared to the fasting condition. CONCLUSION: Regular peanut consumption, especially the high-oleic type, within a hypocaloric-diet increased fat oxidation and reduced body fatness in overweigh and obese men.

Intestinal permeability measurements: general aspects and possible pitfalls / Mediciones de permeabilidad intestinal: aspectos generales y posibles riesgos

Introduction: Disturbances of the gut barrier function have been related to a variety of diseases, including intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. The intestinal permeability tests are considered useful tools for evaluating disease severity and to follow-up patients after a therapeutic intervention and indirectly assess barrier function. Objective: The aims of this review were to highlight the possible factors underlying higher intestinal permeability and the clinical conditions that have been associated with this in different age range; and also provide some insight into methodological aspects. Results and discussion: Abnormal regulation of tight junction function is the main cause of altered intestinal barrier. The impaired barrier function results in higher permeation rates of administered probes through the intestinal mucosa. Lactulose and mannitol are one of the most commonly used probes. The innocuousness and easiness of intestinal permeability tests can be explored to expand the knowledge about the clinical situations in which intestinal barrier dysfunction can be an important feature. Many factors may influence the results of the test. Researchers and healthcare professionals should try to circumvent the possible pitfalls of the intestinal permeability tests to produce consistent evidences. The use of others markers of intestinal physiology may also contribute to understand the role of barrier function in different diseases (AU)

Introducción: Alteraciones funcionales de la barrera intestinal se han relacionado con una variedad de enfermedades intestinales y también con enfermedades no intestinales. Las pruebas de permeabilidad intestinal son consideradas herramientas útiles para evaluar la gravedad de la enfermedad para el posterior seguimiento de los pacientes después de una intervención terapéutica. Objetivo: El objeto de esta revisión ha sido destacar los posibles factores que pueden estar asociados a una mayor permeabilidad intestinal y revisar condiciones clínicas que han sido asociadas en individuos de diferentes edades. También revisar ciertos aspectos metodológicos de las pruebas de permeabilidad intestinal. Resultados y discusión: Las uniones estrechas entre los enterocitos son las principales estructuras encargadas de la regulación de la barrera intestinal. Una alteración de éstas, resulta en una deficiencia en la permeabilidad intestinal y una mayor penetración de las sustancias marcadoras de permeabilidad intestinal. La lactulosa y el manitol son las sustancias marcadoras más utilizadas. La inocuidad y facilidad de los test de permeabilidad han sido de ayuda para explorar y ampliar el conocimiento de muchas condiciones clínicas en las que la disfunción de la barrera intestinal ha sido un sello distintivo. Muchos factores pueden influir en los resultados de los test de permeabilidad. Sin embargo, los investigadores y los clínicos han de tratar de eludir los posibles inconvenientes de las pruebas de permeabilidad intestinal para poder producir evidencias más consistentes. El uso de otras sustancias marcadoras de la fisiología intestinal también puede contribuir a comprender mejor el papel de la barrera intestinal en diferentes enfermedades (AU)

Influence of a high-fat diet on gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and metabolic endotoxaemia.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may play an important role in chronic diseases through the activation of inflammatory responses. The type of diet consumed is of major concern for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Evidence from animal and human studies has shown that LPS can diffuse from the gut to the circulatory system in response to the intake of high amounts of fat. The method by which LPS move into the circulatory system is either through direct diffusion due to intestinal paracellular permeability or through absorption by enterocytes during chylomicron secretion. Considering the impact of metabolic diseases on public health and the association between these diseases and the levels of LPS in the circulatory system, this review will mainly discuss the current knowledge about high-fat diets and subclinical inflammation. It will also describe the new evidence that correlates gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and alkaline phosphatase activity with increased blood LPS levels and the biological effects of this increase, such as insulin resistance. Although the majority of the studies published so far have assessed the effects of dietary fat, additional studies are necessary to deepen the understanding of how the amount, the quality and the structure of the fat may affect endotoxaemia. The potential of food combinations to reduce the negative effects of fat intake should also be considered in future studies. In these studies, the effects of flavonoids, prebiotics and probiotics on endotoxaemia should be investigated. Thus, it is essential to identify dietetic strategies capable of minimising endotoxaemia and its postprandial inflammatory effects.

Oral administration of sodium butyrate reduces chemically-induced preneoplastic lesions in experimental carcinogenesis

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effects of oral administration of sodium butyrate on colon carcinogenesis. METHODS: Carcinogenesis in adult male Wistar rats was induced with 1.2-dimethylhydrazine injections at a dose of 40mg/kg of body weight. A solution of sodium butyrate (3.4 percent) was given ad libitum for 4 weeks (butyrate group, n=16) instead of water (control group, n=9). Rats were killed 17 weeks after 1.2-dimethylhydrazine administration. Aberrant crypt foci and expression of the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of cyclins D1 and E were quantified in the colon. Alterations in the fatty acid profile of the colon, liver, intra-abdominal fat and feces were also analyzed. RESULTS: A significant decrease in aberrant crypt foci was found in the group taking butyrate. No differences were found between the groups in the mRNA expression of cyclins D1 and E. Nevertheless, butyrate intake decreased the content of stearic and oleic acids in the intra-abdominal fat and docosahexaenoic acid in the liver. Moreover, these rats presented higher percentages of linoleic acid in the intra-abdominal fat than control rats. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that butyrate use in rats reduced preneoplastic lesions and changes in the intra-abdominal fat and fatty acid profile of the liver, commonly found in colon carcinogenesis.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da administração oral de butirato de sódio na carcinogênese do cólon. MÉTODOS: A carcinogênese em ratos Wistar foi induzida com injeções de 1,2-dimetilhidrazina na dose de 40mg/kg de peso corporal. A solução de butirato de sódio (3,4 por cento) foi oferecida ad libitum por 4 semanas (grupo butirato, n=16), em substituição à água (grupo controle, n=9). Os ratos foram sacrificados na 17ª semana após tratamento com a 1,2-dimetilhidrazina. Focos de criptas aberrantes e a expressão dos genes para o ácido ribonucléico mensageiro (RNAm) das ciclinas D1 e E foram quantificadas no cólon. Alterações no perfil de ácidos graxos do cólon, no fígado, na gordura intra-abdominal e nas fezes foram analisadas. RESULTADOS: Uma significante diminuição nos focos de criptas aberrantes foi encontrada no grupo que recebeu butirato. Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada na expressão do RNAm das ciclinas D1 e E entre os grupos. Contudo, a ingestão de butirato diminuiu a quantidade de ácido esteárico e ácido oléico na gordura intra-abdominal e do ácido docosahexanóico no fígado. Além disso, o grupo butirato apresentou maior percentual de ácido linoléico na gordura intra-abdominal, comparado com os ratos do grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados indicam que o uso de butirato reduz lesões pré-neoplásicas em ratos e diminui as alterações no perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura intra-abdominal e do fígado, comumente encontradas na carcinogênese colônica.